



1. Wilding, J. P. H., et al. (2021). Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(11), 989–1002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
2. Davies, M., et al. (2021). Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes. The Lancet, 397(10278), 971–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0
3. Wadden, T. A., et al. (2021). Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity. JAMA, 325(14), 1403–1413. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.1831
4. Rubino, D., et al. (2021). Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity. JAMA, 325(14), 1414–1425. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3224
5. Garvey, W. T., et al. (2022). Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial. Nature Medicine, 28(10), 2083–2091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02026-4
6. Jastreboff, A. M., et al. (2022). Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
7. Garvey, W. T., et al. (2023). Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2). The Lancet, 402(10402), 613–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X
8. Aronne, L. J., et al. (2025). Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction in adults with obesity: the SURMOUNT-5 trial. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2416394
9. Pi-Sunyer, X., et al. (2015). A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(1), 11–
10. Wilding, J. P. H., et al. (2022). Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: the STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 24(8), 1553–1564. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14725
11. Aronne, L. J., et al. (2024). Continued treatment with tirzepatide for maintenance of weight reduction: the SURMOUNT-4 trial. JAMA, 331(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.24945
12. Horn, D. B., et al. (2025). Cardiometabolic parameter changes following tirzepatide discontinuation: a post hoc analysis of SURMOUNT-4. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.2167
13. Tzang, B. S., et al. (2025). Weight regain after GLP-1 receptor agonist discontinuation: a meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine (The Lancet). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103680
14. West, R., et al. (2026). Rate of weight regain after stopping GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-085304
15. Meta-regression non-linear analysis of GLP-1 weight regain. (2025). medRxiv (preprint). https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.06.09.25328726
16. Rodriguez, P. J., et al. (2024). Real-world adherence to GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with obesity. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2024.23332
17. Tolhurst, G., et al. (2012). Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein–coupled receptor FFAR2. Diabetes, 61(2), 364–371. https://doi.org/10.2337/db11-1019
18. Chambers, E. S., et al. (2015). Effects of targeted delivery of propionate to the human colon on appetite regulation, body weight maintenance and adiposity in overweight adults. Gut, 64(11), 1744–1754. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307913
19. Cani, P. D., et al. (2006). Oligofructose promotes satiety in rats fed a high-fat diet: involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1. Diabetes, 55(5), 1484–1490. https://doi.org/10.2337/db05-1360
20. Jakubowicz, D., et al. (2014). Incretin, insulinotropic and glucose-lowering effects of whey protein pre-load in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 57(9), 1807–1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3305-x
21. Yoon, H. S., et al. (2021). Akkermansia muciniphila secretes a glucagon-like peptide-1-inducing protein that improves glucose homeostasis. Nature Microbiology, 6(5), 563–573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00880-5
22. Yadav, H., et al. (2013). Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(35), 25088–25097. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.452516
23. Yu, Y., et al. (2015). Berberine stimulates GLP-1 secretion via bitter taste receptors in human L cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications, 465(3), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.130
24. Sun, Y., et al. (2018). Berberine restores GLP-1 expression in obese mice by protecting mitochondria of L cells. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33180-6
25. Holt, R. I. G., et al. (2025). Exercise increases postprandial GLP-1 secretion after one year of training. Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.70043
26. Yerba mate increases GLP-1 via gut microbial metabolite dihydroferulic acid. (2025). Nutrients, 17(4), 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040625
27. Lincoff, A. M., et al. (2023). Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(24), 2221–2232. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
28. Marso, S. P., et al. (2016). Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(4), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1603827
29. Marso, S. P., et al. (2016). Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 375(19), 1834–1844. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
30. Meissner, W. G., et al. (2024). Trial of lixisenatide in early Parkinson's disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 390(13), 1176–1185. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2312323
31. Athauda, D., et al. (2017). Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson's disease. The Lancet, 390(10103), 1664–1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31585-4
32. Wang, W., et al. (2024). GLP-1 receptor agonists and risk of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. International Immunopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113627
33. Sanyal, A. J., et al. (2025). A phase 2 randomized trial of semaglutide in patients with MASH and cirrhosis. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2413258
34. Perkovic, V., et al. (2024). Effects of semaglutide on chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 391(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347
35. Gagnon, J., et al. (2015). Chronic exposure to TNF-α impairs secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Endocrinology, 156(11), 3950–3960. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1361
36. Kahles, F., et al. (2015). TNF-α infusion reduces GLP-1 and blocks hepatic glucose suppression in healthy volunteers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 100(2), 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3756
37. Richards, P., et al. (2016). High-fat diet reduces GLP-1-producing cells in the colon within 2 weeks. Peptides, 77, 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.008
38. Nauck, M. A., et al. (1986). Incretin effects of increasing glucose loads in man calculated from venous insulin and C-peptide responses. Diabetologia,
39. Muscelli, E., et al. (2008). Separate impact of obesity and glucose tolerance on the incretin effect. Diabetes, 57(5), 1340–1348. https://doi.org/10.2337/db07-1315
40. Assmann, T. S., et al. (2020). The GLP-1 cell population is reduced in the intestinal tissue of type 2 diabetic subjects. International Journal of Obesity. PMID: 33037328. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33037328
41. Kappe, C., et al. (2015). Glucocorticoid receptor signaling inhibits GLP-1 secretion. Clinical Science, 128(4), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20140719
42. Kinzig, K. P., et al. (2013). Chronic stress reduces preproglucagon expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Physiology & Behavior, 121, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.04.003
43. Gil-Lozano, M., et al. (2010). GLP-1 infusion activates the HPA axis: bidirectional GLP-1/cortisol relationship. Endocrinology, 151(7), 2964–2973. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-0915
44. Perez-Leighton, C., et al. (2024). Triple axis leptin–glucocorticoids–GLP-1 regulates food intake; chronic stress disrupts balance. Biological Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.13039
45. Daubenmier, J., et al. (2011). Mindfulness intervention for stress eating reduces cortisol and abdominal fat in overweight women. Journal of Obesity, 2011, 651936. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/651936
46. Lindgren, O., et al. (2009). GLP-1 and GIP responses are more pronounced in the morning than in the afternoon. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(7), 2524–2531. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-0366
47. Gil-Lozano, M., et al. (2014). L cells have autonomous molecular clocks; GLP-1 rhythm reverses with altered feeding cycles. Diabetes, 63(11), 3674–3685. https://doi.org/10.2337/db13-1501
48. Martchenko, A., et al. (2020). Circadian rhythm of GLP-1 depends on gut microbiota; fecal transplant restores rhythmicity. Diabetes, 69(9), 1890–1898. https://doi.org/10.2337/db20-0262
49. Sutton, E. F., et al. (2018). Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress without weight loss. Cell Metabolism, 27(6), 1212–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010
50. Chellappa, S. L., et al. (2021). Eating at night increases postprandial glucose by 11–21%; restricting eating to daytime prevents disruption. Science Advances, 7(8), eabg9910. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg9910
Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions | FAQ | Contact Us
Copyright © 2026 Dr. Carlos Jaramillo. All Rights Reserved.
Disclaimer: Este producto no está destinado a diagnosticar, tratar, curar ni prevenir ninguna enfermedad. Este sitio no reemplaza la consulta médica profesional. Los resultados individuales pueden variar. Todos los testimonios presentados provienen de personas reales; sus experiencias pueden haber sido editadas para proteger su privacidad, y los resultados mostrados no son típicos ni están garantizados. El contenido de este sitio es de carácter exclusivamente educativo.